{"id":1584,"date":"2026-07-14T18:13:51","date_gmt":"2026-07-14T16:13:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/?p=1584"},"modified":"2026-07-14T18:37:49","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T16:37:49","slug":"legendarna-katusa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/2026\/07\/14\/legendarna-katusa\/","title":{"rendered":"Legend\u00e1rna Ka\u0165u\u0161a (\u041a\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0448\u0430) .:. 14.7.1941 .:. Or\u0161a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Ka\u0165u\u0161a (rusky \u041a\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0448\u0430)<\/strong><\/span> je typ lafetovan\u00e9ho raketometu vyr\u00e1ban\u00e9ho a nasaden\u00e9ho Sovietskym zv\u00e4zom po\u010das druhej svetovej vojny.<\/p>\n<p>Lafetovan\u00e9 raketomety tohto typu odpa\u013eovali v\u00fdbu\u0161niny do cie\u013eovej oblasti r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako be\u017en\u00e9 delostreleck\u00e9 zbrane, ale s ni\u017e\u0161ou presnos\u0165ou a vy\u017eadovali dlh\u0161\u00ed \u010das na op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 nabitie. V porovnan\u00ed s po\u013en\u00fdmi delami s\u00fa zranite\u013en\u00e9, ale lacn\u00e9, \u013eahko sa vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa a s\u00fa pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 na akomko\u013evek podvozku. Druhov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 Ka\u0165u\u0161e, prv\u00e9 sovietske masovo vyr\u00e1ban\u00e9 samohybn\u00e9 delostreleck\u00e9 zbrane, boli obvykle montovan\u00e9 na podvozku oby\u010dajn\u00fdch n\u00e1kladiakov. T\u00e1to mobilita dala Ka\u0165u\u0161\u00edm a \u010fal\u0161\u00edm samohybn\u00fdm delostreleck\u00fdm prostriedkom jednu v\u00fdhodu: schopnos\u0165 ve\u013ekej pa\u013eby naraz a potom sa stiahnu\u0165 pred odvetnou delostreleckou pa\u013ebou.<\/p>\n<p>Medzi vojnov\u00e9 Ka\u0165u\u0161e patrili raketomety BM-13, \u013eahk\u00fd BM-8 a \u0165a\u017ek\u00fd BM-31.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 3072px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ab\/Katyusha_Rocket_Launcher_-_Artillery_Museum_-_St._Petersburg_-_Russia.jpg\" alt=\"Autor fotografie: Adam Jones, Ph.D.\" width=\"3072\" height=\"2304\"><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Autor fotografie: Adam Jones, Ph.D.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>V\u00fdvoj<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00fdvoj rakiet za\u010dal v Sovietskom zv\u00e4ze u\u017e na prelome 20. a 30. rokov 20. storo\u010dia. Roku 1933 bol ustanoven\u00fd Reakt\u00edvny vedeckov\u00fdskumn\u00fd \u00fastav, ktor\u00e9ho \u00falohou bolo vojensk\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie raketov\u00fdch striel. Na Ka\u0165u\u0161e pracovali in\u017einieri Georgij E. Langemak, Vladim\u00edr Artemiev, Boris Petropavlovskij, Jurij Pobedonoscev a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed pod Langemakov\u00fdm veden\u00edm. V roku 1937 bol Langemak uv\u00e4znen\u00fd, mu\u010den\u00fd, ods\u00faden\u00fd v zinscenovanom procese a popraven\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>V decembri 1937 boli ako prv\u00e9 opera\u010dne zaveden\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 rakety RS-82 a bojovo nasaden\u00e9 pri lietadl\u00e1ch I-15 a I-16 pri Chalchyne Gole. O rok nesk\u00f4r boli zaveden\u00e9 \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie RS-132, ktor\u00e9 mali dostrel 7 100 m. Z leteck\u00fdch rakiet potom boli pre raketov\u00e9 po\u013en\u00e9 delostrelectvo odvoden\u00e9 pozemn\u00e9 strely M-13 Ka\u0165u\u0161a (r\u00e1\u017ee 132 mm, dostrel 8,5 km) a mohutnej\u0161ia nadkalibern\u00e1 M-31 V\u00e1\u0148 km).<\/p>\n<p>V priebehu vojny v\u0161ak boli pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 aj in\u00e9 typy, napr. M-8 (r\u00e1\u017ee 82 mm, dostrel 5,5 km), \u010di M-20 (r\u00e1\u017ea 132 mm, dostrel 5 km) V m\u00e1ji 1939 bolo pripraven\u00e9 na sk\u00fa\u0161ky odpa\u013eovacie zariadenie, ktor\u00fdm bol 24-n\u00e1sobn\u00fd raketomet na podvozku n\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho automobilu ZIS .<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 372px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/11\/BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg\" alt=\"Nab\u00edjanie ka\u0165u\u0161e\" width=\"372\" height=\"527\"><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nab\u00edjanie ka\u0165u\u0161e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Nesk\u00f4r sa za\u010dala vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 zdokonalen\u00e1 verzia pod ozna\u010den\u00edm M-132 alebo MU-2 s 8 ko\u013eajnicov\u00fdmi rampami pre redukovan\u00fd po\u010det 16 striel. \u010eal\u0161\u00edmi verziami boli odpa\u013eovacie zariadenia pre 36 a dokonca aj 48 rakiet. Raketomety Ka\u0165u\u0161a vznikli vo Vorone\u017ei a po\u010das druhej svetovej vojny boli montovan\u00e9 na mnoho podvozkov, vr\u00e1tane n\u00e1kladn\u00fdch automobilov, delostreleck\u00fdch \u0165aha\u010dov, tankov a obrnen\u00fdch vlakov, ako aj na n\u00e1morn\u00fdch a rie\u010dnych plavidl\u00e1ch ako zbrane podporuj\u00face \u00fatok. Sovietski in\u017einieri tie\u017e namontovali jednotliv\u00e9 rakety Ka\u0165u\u0161a pozd\u013a\u017e \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00fdch trat\u00ed, aby sl\u00fa\u017eili v mestskom boji. Medzi tieto n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 automobily patrili ZIS 5 a ZIS 6. Nesk\u00f4r sa za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 automobily dodan\u00e9 z USA (Ford-Marmon, Chevrolet, Studebaker US6). Raketomety \u201eKa\u0165u\u0161a\u201c boli umiest\u0148ovan\u00e9 aj na podvozkoch \u013eahk\u00fdch tankov (T-40, T-60) a p\u00e1sov\u00fdch traktorov (STZ-5). Po druhej svetovej vojne boli montovan\u00e9 na podvozky sovietskych n\u00e1kladn\u00fdch automobilov ZIS-151 a ZIL-157.<\/p>\n<h3>Bojov\u00e9 nasadenie<\/h3>\n<p>Salvov\u00e9 raketomety boli na za\u010diatku druhej svetovej vojny pr\u00edsne tajn\u00e9. Vznikla preto \u0161peci\u00e1lna jednotka vojsk NKVD. Prv\u00fdch sedem raketometov bolo nasaden\u00fdch do boja 14. j\u00fala 1941 pri meste Rudnja v Smolenskej oblasti. Pokusn\u00e1 bat\u00e9ria zariadenia BM-13 na podvozkoch automobilov ZIS-6 vyp\u00e1lila salvu rakiet na jednotky nemeckej 5. pechotnej div\u00edzie. Tu prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t Nemci po\u010duli typick\u00fd \u0161kr\u00edpav\u00fd hv\u00edzdot odp\u00e1len\u00fdch Ka\u0165u\u0161\u00ed, ktor\u00fdm nesk\u00f4r za\u010dali hovori\u0165 \u201eStalinove organy\u201c (Stalinorgel). 16. j\u00fala 1941 vystrelila pokusn\u00e1 bat\u00e9ria salvu reakt\u00edvnych striel na \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00fd uzol a kri\u017eovatku v Or\u0161i. Salva sp\u00f4sobila Nemcom \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 straty a siln\u00fd po\u017eiar, ktor\u00fd horel nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed. Po \u00faspechu utvorila \u010cerven\u00e1 arm\u00e1da nov\u00e9 gardov\u00e9 m\u00ednometn\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie, ako sa ka\u0165u\u0161e ofici\u00e1lne naz\u00fdvali, na podporu pe\u0161\u00edch div\u00edzi\u00ed. Doplnok bat\u00e9rie bol \u0161tandardizovan\u00fd na \u0161tyroch odpa\u013eovac\u00edch zariadeniach. Zostali pod kontrolou NKVD a\u017e do doby, ne\u017e sa na bojisku stali be\u017en\u00e9 nemeck\u00e9 raketomety Nebelwerfer.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.panzernet.net\/tankist\/fotky\/ostatni\/katusa\/001.jpg\"><\/p>\n<p>Napriek tomu, \u017ee na za\u010diatku bojov na v\u00fdchodnom fronte fungovala len 1 bat\u00e9ria t\u00fdchto raketometov, do konca roku 1941 bolo v slu\u017ebe osem plukov, 35 samostatn\u00fdch pr\u00e1porov a dve nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 bat\u00e9rie s celkom 554 odpa\u013eovac\u00edmi zariadeniami. Koncom roku 1944 u\u017e \u010cerven\u00e1 arm\u00e1da disponovala viac ako 10 000 raketometmi Ka\u0165u\u0161a.<\/p>\n<p>Z raketometov BM 13-16 sa stala ob\u00e1van\u00e1 zbra\u0148. Spolu s tankom T-34 sa stala jednou z najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161\u00edch sovietskych motorizovan\u00fdch zbran\u00ed. Salvov\u00fd princ\u00edp potom urobil z nepresnosti rakiet ich v\u00fdhodu. Ve\u013ek\u00fd rozptyl umo\u017enil salve rakiet vyp\u00e1lenej jedn\u00fdm smerom pokry\u0165 zna\u010dn\u00fd cie\u013eov\u00fd priestor smr\u0161t\u00ed \u010drepin, ktor\u00e1 ni\u010dila v\u0161etko \u017eiv\u00e9. Raketomety \u201eKa\u0165u\u0161a\u201c sa stali jedn\u00fdm zo symbolov Ve\u013ekej vlasteneckej vojny.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.panzernet.net\/tankist\/fotky\/ostatni\/katusa\/004.jpg\" alt=\"Samohybn\u00fd raketomet BM-31-12 na podvozku Studebaker US6\" width=\"610\" height=\"419\"><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samohybn\u00fd raketomet BM-31-12 na podvozku Studebaker US6<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Rakety z raketometov BM-13 ni\u010dili v\u0161etku \u017eiv\u00fa silu aj vojensk\u00fa techniku, vr\u00e1tane v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny nemeck\u00fdch tankov. Naopak \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie nemeck\u00e9 stroje ako Panzer V Panther a Panzer VI Tiger I dok\u00e1zali raket\u00e1m odola\u0165. Ve\u013ea Ka\u0165u\u0161\u00ed bolo v bitk\u00e1ch zni\u010den\u00fdch. Bolo to najm\u00e4 preto, \u017ee nemali \u017eiadnu pas\u00edvnu ochranu, ktor\u00e1 z nich robila \u013eahk\u00e9 ciele aj pre nepriate\u013esk\u00e9 letectvo.<\/p>\n<p>Zdroj: Wikip\u00e9dia<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Sovietska zbra\u0148, ktor\u00fa Nemci pova\u017eovali za ne\u013eudsk\u00fa a krut\u00fa - Ka\u0165u\u0161a a jej ohniv\u00fd krst\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NY095SmITcM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"love\"><input id=\"post_1584\" type=\"checkbox\" class=\"LoveCheck\">\n                <label for=\"post_1584\" class=\"dashicons dashicons-heart LoveLabel\" aria-label=\"like this\"><\/label><span class=\"LoveCount\">6<\/span><\/div><!--\/love-->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ka\u0165u\u0161a (rusky \u041a\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0448\u0430) je typ lafetovan\u00e9ho raketometu vyr\u00e1ban\u00e9ho a nasaden\u00e9ho Sovietskym zv\u00e4zom po\u010das druhej svetovej vojny. Lafetovan\u00e9 raketomety tohto typu odpa\u013eovali v\u00fdbu\u0161niny do cie\u013eovej oblasti r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako be\u017en\u00e9 delostreleck\u00e9 zbrane, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/2026\/07\/14\/legendarna-katusa\/\" class=\"more-link\">\u010c\u00edtaj \u010falej &#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1585,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wikipediapreview_detectlinks":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1584","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historia","category-videa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1584","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1584"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1584\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1596,"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1584\/revisions\/1596"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1585"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1584"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1584"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bratzabrata.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1584"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}